{"id":15093,"date":"2026-04-22T04:48:16","date_gmt":"2026-04-22T04:48:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/luvina.net\/vi\/?p=15093"},"modified":"2026-04-22T08:20:27","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T08:20:27","slug":"no-ky-thuat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/luvina.net\/vi\/no-ky-thuat\/","title":{"rendered":"N\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (Tech Debt) l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng?"},"content":{"rendered":"

B\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m n\u00e0o c\u0169ng t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i qua t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y: Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 sung m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh n\u0103ng nh\u1ecf ph\u1ea3i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0y thay v\u00ec v\u00e0i gi\u1edd. L\u00fd do kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh n\u0103ng, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh codebase \u0111ang ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng l\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 ng\u1ea7m n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a technical debt, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <\/span>n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/b>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3n chi ph\u00ed t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt \u0111i t\u1eaft, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u00e1 l\u1ed7i t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn b\u1ecb tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n trong su\u1ed1t v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e1o c\u00e1o Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt Ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m c\u1ee7a Stripe (2018)<\/span><\/a> ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh vi\u00ean \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh ra kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ba qu\u1ef9 th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. D\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t sinh n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y v\u01b0\u1ee3t t\u1ea7m ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 b\u00e0n giao d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, suy gi\u1ea3m ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng code v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 g\u00ec, t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n.<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/span><\/h2>\n

Theo Wikipedia<\/span><\/a>, <\/span>n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (hay \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cn\u1ee3 code\u201d, \u201cn\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7\u201d, \u201cn\u1ee3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf\u201d) l\u00e0 <\/span>“m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 chi ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1t sinh khi \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3, t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.”<\/span><\/i> Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t sinh m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111ang \u0111\u1ea9y v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai khi ch\u1ecdn l\u1ed1i t\u1eaft \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh deadline g\u1ea5p hay \u00e1p l\u1ef1c kinh doanh cao. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang s\u1ebd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1ed9 r\u00f5.<\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ea3 n\u1ee3 s\u1ebd bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u01b0 t\u00e1i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u00e3 code, s\u1eeda c\u00e1c l\u1ed7i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi, n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ebd k\u00e9o l\u00f9i ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ed9i chi ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/span><\/p>\n

T\u1ea1i sao n\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i x\u1ea3y ra?<\/span><\/h2>\n

N\u1ee3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ebfm khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ecf, t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1eebng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m:<\/span><\/p>\n